The Grammar of Jays and Cats

“A JAY’S gifts, and instincts, and feelings, and interests, cover the whole ground. A jay hasn’t got any more principle than a Congressman. A jay will lie, a jay will steal, a jay will deceive, a jay will betray; and four times out of five, a jay will go back on his solemnest promise. The sacredness of an obligation is a thing which you can’t cram into no bluejay’s head. Now, on top of all this, there’s another thing; a jay can out-swear any gentleman in the mines. You think a cat can swear. Well, a cat can; but you give a bluejay a subject that calls for his reserve-powers, and where is your cat? Don’t talk to me — I know too much about this thing.

“And there’s yet another thing; in the one little particular of scolding — just good, clean, out-and-out scolding — a bluejay can lay over anything, human or divine. Yes, sir, a jay is everything that a man is. A jay can cry, a jay can laugh, a jay can feel shame, a jay can reason and plan and discuss, a jay likes gossip and scandal, a jay has got a sense of humor, a jay knows when he is an ass just as well as you do — maybe better.”

From ‘A Tramp Abroad’ (1880) by Mark Twain (1835-1910). Additional information from ‘Mark Twain’s Notebook’ (1935) prepared by Albert Bigelow Paine; ‘The Autobiography of Mark Twain’ by Mark Twain (1835-1910), edited (1917) by Charles Neider; and ‘The Tiger in the House’ (1920) by Carl van Vechten (1880-1964).
Précis
The bluejay’s command of language, continued the miner, was as human as his moral failings, which were as low as any man in Washington’s; and here again, the bluejay had the dubious privilege of being more human than the cat. But the most human thing about the bluejay was his self-awareness, for he knew himself for what he was.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

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