The Richmond Shilling

PERSONS unacquainted with the glaring monstrosities which disfigure the fair face of British legislation would naturally conclude that the said Charles Lennox had either greatly benefitted the coal interest or, at all events, had achieved some very essential service for the country at large, which rendered him a proper recipient of so valuable a gift: they would no doubt, therefore, regret their obliviousness of English history, and ask what the particular service was which Lennox had performed? The answer could not fail to astonish them:- “He was the illegitimate son of the virtuous individual who issued the grant.”*

At length, Parliament interfered, and the right was bought up for the handsome sum of £400,000 in the year 1799;* after which the continued collection of this shilling not only paid the interest of the purchase money at £5 per cent., but, so early as the year 1830, had paid off the purchase money in full, and accumulated a surplus of £341,900!*

abridged

Abridged from ‘The London Journal of Arts and Sciences’ (New Series) Vol. 21 (1865). Additional information from ‘The Black Diamonds of England’ in ‘Household Words’ No. 11 (June 8, 1850) pp. 241–64 by Richard H. Horne (1802-1884); ‘Fumifugium’ (1661) by Sir John Evelyn (1620-1706), collected in ‘The Miscellaneous Writings of John Evelyn’ (1825), edited by William Upcott (1779-1845); and ‘Annals of Coal Mining and the Coal Trade’ by Robert Lindsay Galloway (1842-1908).

* Charles Lennox (1672-1723), 1st Duke of Richmond, 1st Duke of Lennox, the youngest of the seven illegitimate sons of King Charles II. His mother was Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth.

* According to the website Measuring Worth, about £40,180,000 today.

* On February 22nd, 1831, interested parties in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (the principal source of London’s coal) resolved to petition Parliament about the tax. Within weeks the levy was no longer being collected, and on May 4th the Mayor of Newcastle hosted a lavish party to celebrate.

Précis
This Charles Lennox received all the benefit of the new tax simply for being Charles II’s illegitimate son, and so lucrative was the deal that the Government had to borrow £400,000 to buy out his heirs in 1799. By 1830, the Treasury had recovered the purchase price, paid off all interest, and made nearly as much again in profit.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

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