The Siege of Arcot

THE rear ranks of the English kept the front ranks supplied with a constant succession of loaded muskets, and every shot told on the living mass below. After three desperate onsets, the besiegers retired behind the ditch. The struggle lasted about an hour. Four hundred of the assailants fell. The garrison lost only five or six men. The besieged passed an anxious night, looking for a renewal of the attack. But when day broke the enemy were no more to be seen.

The news was received at Fort St George with transports of joy and pride.* Clive was justly regarded as a man equal to any command. Two hundred English soldiers and seven hundred sepoys were sent to him, and with this force he instantly commenced offensive operations. He took the fort of Timery, effected a junction with a division of Morari Row’s army,* and hastened by forced marches to attack Rajah Sahib, who was at the head of about five thousand men, of whom three hundred were French.* The action was sharp, but Clive gained a complete victory.*

abridged

Abridged from ‘Critical and Miscellaneous Essays’ Vol. III (1841) by T. Babington Macaulay.

Fort St George was the headquarters of the British East India Company in Madras (Chennai), a government-backed trading agency empowered to raise its own militia. India was at this time not governed by London; that would come in 1857.

Morari Row was a Mahratta chieftain hired by the British.

The struggle for India was to a great degree about the imperial ambitions of France: for fifty years, France had been threatening to conquer Europe, Britain included, and now Louis XV was turning his eyes towards North America. War eventually broke out in 1756, and Clive played a key role in it. See The Seven Years’ War.

Clive’s plan had been to distract Chunda Sahib from his siege of Trichinopoly (Tiruchirapalli), which was by this time the last stronghold of Madras’s preferred candidate as ruler of the Carnatic, Mohammad Ali. Trichinopoly was relieved in April 1752. Chunda Sahib surrendered to the Mahratta, who (at the instigation of Mohammad Ali, Macaulay guessed) executed him on June 14th; the French forces surrendered on the same day.

Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

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