The Silent Hall

“ALAS, bright cup! Alas, mail-clad warrior! Alas, chieftain’s boast! How that day hath gone by, dark under night’s helm, as though it had never been!

“There, where once stood dear friends in the flower of manhood, now standeth a wall, wonderfully high, adorned with serpent shapes;* the earls were wasted by the hosts of ash-spears, weapons greedy for slaughter. Theirs was an honourable fate. And storms batter these sheer stones, icy blasts swirl about them; earth is fast bound in the tumult of winter. Then cometh the dark, the shadows of night deepen, calling lashing hail from the north in malice against brave men.

“All is hardship in this earthly realm; the decrees of destiny change the world beneath the heavens. Here wealth is but borrowed, here friend is borrowed, here man is borrowed, here kinsman is borrowed. All earth’s frame cometh to nought.”

Thus spake the wise man within his breast, as he sat apart in counsel.

Translated from the Old English

Based on ‘The Exeter Book’, edited with a translation by Israel Gollancz. With acknowledgements to ‘The Wanderer’ text and literal translation, at AngloSaxon.net; and The Earliest English Poems (1966) by Michael Alexander.

Presumably a wide and tall stone cross carved with the twisted shapes of their kind, and brightly coloured. A well-known survivor is the Middleton cross.

Précis
The poet continues his lament for a vanished community and way of life; his glance falls on a stone cross commemorating the dead, and (his mood affected by grey winter weather) is reminded that in this life nothing is possessed forever, neither buildings nor comrades, not even family; even the earth itself will one day vanish.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

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