Leading from the Front

“O SAINT George! George, Saint and Soldier! Be present! Protect, Holy Mary, the English in their right! In this hour, there are many righteous Englishmen praying for us in their hearts: O France! down with thy fraud!”

The King, already girt with his own weapons, now placed his crown upon his head, then went forth in full view. Making a clear sign of the cross upon himself, to inspire others likewise, he gave the order for the banner to go forward into battle.

Now the clergy to the rear called out, with a sigh, “Now O God have mercy upon us! Have mercy upon us, O God! Spare the crown of the English! Champion royal rights. Show thy favour, O Virgin Mary, to thine own dowry!* George, Soldier, and Edward, pious King, bring your aid!* May all the saints grant that the constancy of our King be accepted by God through holy prayers.”

Freely translated from ‘Memorials of Henry the Fifth, King of England’ (1858) ed. Charles Augustus Cole (1819–1887). With acknowledgements to The Battle of Agincourt by Anne Curry. Additional information from ‘Our Lady’s Dowry’ by T. E. Bridgett in ‘Publications of the Catholic Truth Society’ Vol. 22.

* A commentary on Lamentations by John Lathbury (d. 1362) recorded that ‘it is commonly said that England is Mary’s dowry.’ For how long this had been commonly said is unknown. Greek feasts such as the Presentation and Conception of Mary found ready acceptance in eleventh-century England, and their abolition by the Normans in 1070 only underlines England’s reputation as a people devoted to Mary. During the The Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, Richard II appealed to Mary to protect her ‘dowry,’ acknowledging that England had been so called for many years — ‘of old antiquity,’ as the Pynson ballad of c. 1485 quaintly put it.

* St George, a fourth-century Roman soldier who defied an order to persecute Christians, was rapidly becoming England’s patron saint at this time thanks in part to the widespread belief that he had aided an unlikely English victory at Crécy in 1346. See St George, Patron Saint of England. He did however still have some competition from King Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-1066).

Précis
Henry continued to rouse his troops, calling on St George and the Virgin Mary to aid them and to bless England’s cause. Then the King assumed his crown and, making the sign of the cross very publicly, ordered the banners forward. The clergy took up Henry’s appeals to heaven, and the battle began.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

Sevens

Suggest answers to this question. See if you can limit one answer to exactly seven words.

What did the King do after finishing his speech?

Suggestion

He put his crown on his head.

Jigsaws

Express the ideas below in a single sentence, using different words as much as possible. Do not be satisfied with the first answer you think of; think of several, and choose the best.

Henry asked St George for aid. So did the English clergy. The battle began.

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