Popular Literature

When literary critics decide that a book is not worthy of their notice they expect the public to follow their lead, but ‘Pilgrim’s Progress’ was different.

1678

King Charles II 1649-1685

Introduction

In 1672, Charles II relaxed the Conventicle Act that had imprisoned preachers who were not members of the Church of England. The authorities duly released John Bunyan (1628-88) from Bedford gaol, and at once he returned to preaching. Six years later he published ‘Pilgrim’s Progress’, an immensely popular allegory of the Christian life for which literary experts had nothing but scorn.

abridged

THE fame of Bunyan during his life, and during the century which followed his death, was indeed great, but was almost entirely confined to religious families of the middle and lower classes. Very seldom was he during that time mentioned with respect by any writer of great literary eminence.

It is a significant circumstance that, till a recent period, all the numerous editions of the Pilgrim’s Progress* were evidently meant for the cottage and the servants’ hall. The paper, the printing, the plates, were all of the meanest description. In general, when the educated minority and the common people differ about the merit of a book, the opinion of the educated minority finally prevails. The Pilgrim’s Progress is perhaps the only book about which, after the lapse of a hundred years, the educated minority has come over to the opinion of the common people.*

abridged

Abridged from ‘Life of John Bunyan’ (1914) by Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859).

* Available to read online at the Internet Archive: see The Pilgrim’s Progress (1909). Bunyan’s story was first published in 1678.

* Not entirely. In 1684, Bunyan published an expanded edition which followed the fortunes of Christian’s family, who had refused to follow him on his journey. The educated minority, however, put its foot down and judged the second part to be vastly inferior to the first, and the common people should be aware that many editions of The Pilgrim’s Progress spare them the embarrassment of enjoying the second part by omitting it altogether. Among many other sad losses, this omission deprives us of the moving farewell of Mr Valiant-for-truth, so beautifully woven into the closing scenes of Mr Standfast by John Buchan: see The Summons Comes for Mr Standfast.

Précis
In his biography of John Bunyan, Lord Macaulay noted that ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’ was at first scorned by literary critics but sold quickly among the lower classes, who prized it as great literature. Many years later, the critics came round to the public’s point of view, a turnaround so rare that Macaulay could not think of another example of it.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

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